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Failure to deliver even one of them will likely mean the project has failed. The project team should aim to deliver as many of the should ranked requirements as possible. The could requirements are removed first if the project timeline or budget is under any pressure. It is essential to have a clear set of prioritised and agreed requirements with the customer, alongside the overall objective, quality criteria, timescale and budget if you wish to deliver a successful project.

The recommended method for setting priorities is MoSCoW. Recommended read: Requirements Gathering by Duncan Haughey. Forums eBooks Health Check. Home Tools Moscow Method. You may also be interested in. Read Now. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls before produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in Since then, however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments.

In — the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes. The Third Ring Road , intermediate between the early 19th-century Garden Ring and the Soviet-era outer ring road, was completed in The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe.

Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion. By its territorial expansion on July 1, southwest into the Moscow Oblast , the area of the capital more than doubled, going from 1, to 2, square kilometers to sq mi , resulting in Moscow becoming the largest city on the European continent by area; it also gained an additional population of , people. Moscow is situated on the banks of the Moskva River , which flows for just over km mi through the East European Plain in central Russia.

Moscow serves as the reference point for the time zone used in most of European Russia , Belarus and the Republic of Crimea. Daylight saving time is no longer observed. According to the geographical longitude the average solar noon in Moscow occurs at More extreme continental climates at the same latitude- such as parts of Eastern Canada or Siberia - have much colder winters than Moscow, suggesting that there is still significant moderation from the Atlantic Ocean despite the fact that Moscow is far from the sea.

These periods usually last about a week or two. The growing season in Moscow normally lasts for days usually around May 1 to October 5. The highest temperature ever recorded was Snow, which is present for about five months a year, often begins to fall mid-October, while snow cover lies in November and melts at the beginning of April. In the winter, moist air from the Atlantic condenses in the cold continental interior, resulting in very overcast conditions.

However, this same continental influence results in considerably sunnier summers than oceanic cities of similar latitude such as Edinburgh. December was the darkest month in Moscow since records began, with only six minutes of sunlight. Temperatures in the centre of Moscow are often significantly higher than in the outskirts and nearby suburbs, especially in winter.

Below is the — normals table. The annual temperature rose from 5. In , the average annual temperature reached a record high of 7. During the summer, extreme heat is often observed in the city , , , , Along with a southern part of Central Russia , [80] [81] after recent years of hot summer seasons, the climate of the city gets hot-summer classification trends.

The last decade was the warmest in the history of meteorological observations of Moscow. Temperature changes in the city are depicted in the table below:. According to the results of the Census, the population of Moscow was 11,,; [84] up from 10,, recorded in the Census. The official population of Moscow is based on those holding " permanent residency ". The number of Illegal immigrants , the vast majority originating from Central Asia , is estimated to be an additional 1 million people, [87] giving a total population of about Total fertility rate: [88].

The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"—prior to The Moscow Mufti Council claimed that Muslims numbered around 1. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century. The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects, lending the city some of the aurae of the renaissance.

From the end of the 15th century, the city was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches. Houses were made of pine and spruce logs, with shingled roofs plastered with sod or covered by birch bark. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated by constant fires and the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.

For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. During the s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost. While the later Stalinist period was characterized by the curtailing of creativity and architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a plethora of radical new buildings created in the city.

Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukhov , famous for Shukhov Tower, just one of many hyperboloid towers designed by Shukhov. It was built between and as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company. He designed spacious elongated shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square , [95] bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults. Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so-called Seven Sisters , seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin.

Most of these date from the post-Stalin era and the styles are often named after the leader then in power Brezhnev, Khrushchev, etc. They are usually badly maintained. Although the city still has some five-story apartment buildings constructed before the mids, more recent apartment buildings are usually at least nine floors tall, and have elevators.

It is estimated that Moscow has over twice as many elevators as New York City and four times as many as Chicago. Stalinist-era buildings , mostly found in the central part of the city, are massive and usually ornamented with Socialist realism motifs that imitate classical themes.

However, small churches—almost always Eastern Orthodox — found across the city provide glimpses of its past. The Old Arbat Street , a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century. Ostankino Palace , Kuskovo , Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents, and monasteries , both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists.

There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area. Many of these restorations were criticized for alleged disrespect of historical authenticity. Facadism is also widely practiced. Plaques on house exteriors will inform passers-by that a well-known personality once lived there. Frequently, the plaques are dedicated to Soviet celebrities not well known outside or often, like with decorated generals and revolutionaries, now both inside of Russia.

There are also many "museum houses" of famous Russian writers, composers, and artists in the city. In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years [99] to make space for luxury apartments and hotels. Critics blame the government for not enforcing conservation laws: in the last 12 years, more than 50 buildings with monument status were torn down, several of those dating back to the 17th century.

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens. There are square kilometres sq mi of green zones besides square kilometres 39 sq mi of forests. There are on average 27 square meters sq ft of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris , 7. It borders the Neskuchny Garden , square metres or acres , the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence, created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century.

The Garden features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people. Some parks are designated as Forest Parks lesopark. Izmaylovsky Park , created in , is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London. Its area of Sokolniki Park , named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres 2. A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple, and elm tree alleys.

It is quite wild, and is also known as the "city taiga" — elk can be seen there. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5, square metres 53, square feet of land. Among the large spans of a recreational park, areas are scores of elaborate pavilions, each representing either a branch of Soviet industry and science or a USSR republic. Even though during the s it was, and for some part still is, misused as a gigantic shopping center most of the pavilions are rented out for small businesses , it still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations and a degrees panoramic cinema.

In the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy, and in the same year, huge renovation works had been started. Lilac Park , founded in , has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium. Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called " the graveyard of fallen monuments " that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.

Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo , a zoological garden in two sections the valleys of two streams linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6, specimens. From there, roads generally span outwards to intersect with a sequence of circular roads "rings". Aside from the aforementioned hierarchy, line 5 of Moscow Metro is a circle-shaped looped subway line hence the name Koltsevaya Liniya , "ring line" , which is located between the Sadovoye Koltso and Third Transport Ring.

The railroad itself was in use since , but before the renovation, it was a non-electrified railroad for transit needs of fueled locomotives only. Another circle metro line - Big Circle Line Bolshaya Koltsevaya Liniya is under construction and will be finished about It is to note the method of building the road usage of ground elevation instead of concrete columns throughout the whole way formed a wall-like barrier that obstacles building roads under the MKAD highway itself.

Outside Moscow, some of the roads encompassing the city continue to follow this circular pattern seen inside city limits, with the notable examples of Betonka roads highways A and A , originally made of concrete pads. One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery , which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov , a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city.

The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts , which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures.

Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The Polytechnical Museum , [] founded in is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than , items.

There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware. Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet and film, with 68 museums [] [] theaters, cinemas and 24 concert halls. The Moscow International Performance Arts Center, [] opened in , also known as Moscow International House of Music , is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall. Memorial Museum of Cosmonautics under the Monument to the Conquerors of Space at the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.

The Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema [] collection are shown regularly. The Shchusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Shchusev near the Kremlin area. Over Olympic sports champions lived in the city by Forty other sport complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice.

There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow, [] of which Central Moscow Hippodrome , [] founded in , is the largest. Moscow was the host city of the Summer Olympics , with the yachting events being held at Tallinn , in present-day Estonia. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the Summer Olympics.

Moscow had made a bid for the Summer Olympics. However, when final voting commenced on July 6, , Moscow was the first city to be eliminated from further rounds. The Games were awarded to London. Moscow hosted the EuroBasket in and Moscow houses other prominent football, ice hockey, and basketball teams. There were army and police teams in most major cities. The building works started in and the opening ceremony took place on June 18, The investor of the Palace is the billionaire Alisher Usmanov , husband of the former gymnast and gymnastics coach Irina Viner-Usmanova.

The total surface of the building is 23, m 2 , which include 3 fitness rooms, locker rooms, rooms reserved to referees and coaches, saunas, a canteen, a cafeteria, 2 ball halls, a Medical center, a hall reserved to journalists and a hotel for athletes.

Slava Moscow is a professional rugby club, competing in the national Professional Rugby League. Former rugby league heavyweights RC Lokomotiv have entered the same league as of [update]. In bandy, one of the most successful clubs in the world is 20 times Russian League champions Dynamo Moscow. They have also won the World Cup thrice and European Cup six times. When Russia was selected to host the FIFA World Cup , the Luzhniki Stadium got an increased capacity, by almost 10, new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that have been built: the Dynamo Stadium , and the Spartak Stadium , although the first one later was dismissed from having World Cup matches.

The city is full of clubs, restaurants, and bars. Tverskaya Street is also one of the busiest shopping streets in Moscow. Clubs, bars, creative spaces and restaurants-turned-into-dancefloors are flooding Moscow streets with new openings every year. Dream Island is an amusement park in Moscow that opened on February 29, The park covers , square meters. The appearance is in the style of a fairytale castle similar to Disneyland.

The park has 29 unique attractions with many rides, as well as pedestrian malls with fountains and cycle paths. According to the Constitution of the Russian Federation , Moscow is an independent federal subject of the Russian Federation , the so-called city of federal importance. The Mayor of Moscow is the leading official in the executive, leading the Government of Moscow , which is the highest organ of executive power. The Moscow City Duma is the City Duma city council or local parliament and local laws must be approved by it.

It includes 45 members who are elected for a five-year term on Single-mandate constituency basis. From to , direct elections of the mayor were not held due to changes in the Charter of the city of Moscow , the mayor was appointed by presidential decree. The first direct elections from the time of the vote were to be held after the expiration of the current mayor in , however, in connection with his resignation of his own free will, they took place in September Local administration is carried out through eleven prefectures, uniting the districts of Moscow into administrative districts on a territorial basis, and regional administrations.

According to the law "On the organization of local self-government in the city of Moscow", since the beginning of , the executive bodies of local self-government are municipalities, representative bodies are municipal assemblies, whose members are elected in accordance with the Charter of the intracity municipality.

In Moscow, as in a city endowed with the Constitution of the Russian Federation , the legislative, executive, and judicial federal authorities of the country are located, with the exception of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation , which has been located in Saint Petersburg since The supreme executive authority - the Government of the Russian Federation - is located in the House of the Government of the Russian Federation on Krasnopresnenskaya embankment in the center of Moscow.

The State Duma sits on Okhotny Ryad. The Federation Council is located in a building on Bolshaya Dmitrovka. In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. According to the ranking of the safest cities made by The Economist Moscow occupies the 37th position with a score of 68,5 points percent. The authorities recognized the successful two-month experiment with automatic recognition of faces, gender, and age of people in real-time - and then they deployed the system to the whole city.

The emergency numbers are the same as in all the other regions of Russia: is the Single Emergency Number, is the number of the Fire Service and Ministry of Emergency Situations , is the Police one, is the ambulance one, is the Emergency Gas number. The entire city of Moscow is headed by one mayor Sergey Sobyanin. The city of Moscow is divided into twelve administrative okrugs and districts.

The central part of Moscow grew by consolidating with suburbs in line with medieval principles of urban development when strong fortress walls would gradually spread along the circle streets of adjacent new settlements.

Also in the form of a circle are the main Moscow subway line, the Ring Line, and the so-called Third Automobile Ring, which was completed in All administrative okrugs and districts have their own coats of arms and flags as well as individual heads of the area. In addition to the districts, there are Territorial Units with Special Status.

These usually include areas with small or no permanent populations. In recent years, some territories have been merged with different districts. There are no ethnic-specific regions in Moscow, as in the Chinatowns that exist in some North American and East Asian cities. And although districts are not designated by income, as with most cities, those areas that are closer to the city center, metro stations or green zones are considered more prestigious.

Moscow also hosts some of the government bodies of Moscow Oblast , although the city itself is not a part of the oblast. Moscow is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world, [] and has the highest number of billionaires of any city in Europe.

Many new business centers and office buildings have been built in recent years, but Moscow still experiences shortages in office space. As a result, many former industrial and research facilities are being reconstructed to become suitable for office use. Overall, economic stability has improved in recent years; nonetheless, crime and corruption still hinder business development.

Primary industries in Moscow include the chemical , metallurgy , food , textile , furniture , energy production , software development and machinery industries. NPO Energomash , producing the rocket engines for Russian and American space programs, as well as Lavochkin design bureau, which built fighter planes during WWII, but switched to space probes since the Space Race , are in nearby Khimki , an independent city in Moscow Oblast that have largely been enclosed by Moscow from its sides.

The Poljot Moscow watch factory produces military, professional and sport watches well known in Russia and abroad. Yuri Gagarin in his trip into space used "Shturmanskie" produced by this factory. The Electrozavod factory was the first transformer factory in Russia.

The Kristall distillery [] is the oldest distillery in Russia producing vodka types, including " Stolichnaya " while wines are produced at Moscow wine plants, including the Moscow Interrepublican Vinery. There are other industries located just outside the city of Moscow, as well as microelectronic industries in Zelenograd, including Ruselectronics companies. Gazprom, the largest extractor of natural gas in the world and the largest Russian company , has head offices also in Moscow, as well as other oil, gas, and electricity companies.

Private ownership of apartments was limited until the s when people were permitted to secure property rights to their inhabited places. Since the Soviet era, estate owners have had to pay the service charge for their residences, a fixed amount based on persons per living area. The price of real estate in Moscow continues to rise. A typical one-bedroom apartment is about thirty square metres square feet , a typical two-bedroom apartment is forty-five square metres square feet , and a typical three-bedroom apartment is seventy square metres square feet.

Many cannot move out of their apartments, especially if a family lives in a two-room apartment originally granted by the state during the Soviet era. Some city residents have attempted to cope with the cost of living by renting their apartments while staying in dachas country houses outside the city. However, Tokyo has overtaken Moscow as the most expensive city in the world, placing Moscow at third behind Osaka in second place. In , Moscow ranked top on the list of most expensive cities for the third year in a row.

In , according to Forbes , Moscow was ranked the 9th most expensive city in the world. Forbes ranked Moscow the 2nd most expensive city the year prior. The heating of buildings in Moscow, like in other cities in Russia is done using central heating system. Before , state unitary enterprises were responsible to produce and supply heat to the clients by the operation of heating stations and heating distribution system of Mosgorteplo, Mosteploenergo, and Teploremontnaladka which gave service to the heating substations in the north-eastern part of the city.

Clients were divided between the various enterprises based on their geographical location. A major reform launched in consolidated the various companies under the umbrella of MIPC which became the municipal heat supplier. Its subsidiaries were the newly transformed Joint-stock companies. In the Government of Moscow bought controlling stakes in the company. In its 10 years of operation, more than 1. There are 1, high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges.

Additionally, approximately 10, high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia. Its acclaim throughout the international academic community has meant that over 11, international students have graduated from the university, with many coming to Moscow to become fluent in the Russian language.

The I. It was founded in as the faculty of the Moscow State University. It is one of the largest medical universities in Russia and Europe. More than students are enrolled in academic departments. It offers courses for post-graduate studies. Named after Russian surgeon and pedagogue N. Pirogov , it is one of the largest medical institutions and the first university in Russia to allow women to acquire degrees.

Moscow is one of the financial centers of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is known for its business schools. They offer undergraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate, and economic theory, as well as Masters programs and MBAs. Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.

Bauman Moscow State Technical University , founded in , is located in the center of Moscow and provides 18, undergraduate and 1, postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering, offering technical degrees. Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental sciences, in recent years Moscow has seen a growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management.

Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and introduced new courses or departments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. Moscow is one of the largest science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as research and applied science institutions.

There are libraries in the city, including for children. The library is home to over km mi of shelves and 42 million items, including over 17 million books and serial volumes, 13 million journals, , music scores and sound records, and , maps, making it the largest library in Russia and one of the largest in the world.

The State Public Historical Library, founded in , is the largest library specialising in Russian history. Its collection contains four million items in languages including 47 languages of the former USSR , mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry , numismatics , and the history of science.

In regard to primary and secondary education, in , Clifford J. Levy of The New York Times wrote, "Moscow has some strong public schools, but the system as a whole is dispiriting, in part because it is being corroded by the corruption that is a post-Soviet scourge. Parents often pay bribes to get their children admitted to better public schools. There are additional payoffs for good grades. The Moscow Metro system is famous for its art, murals , mosaics , and ornate chandeliers.

It started operation in and immediately became the centrepiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and reward the populace, and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies. Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilisation as they rode.

The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus" Soviet man.

The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock. Today, the Moscow Metro comprises twelve lines, mostly underground with a total of stations. The Metro is one of the deepest subway systems in the world; for instance, the Park Pobedy station, completed in , at 84 metres ft underground, has the longest escalators in Europe.

In , the authorities launched a new circle metro railway that contributed to solving transportation issues, namely daily congestion at Koltsevaya Line. For example, Elektrozavodskaya station was themed solely after nearby lightbulb factory and ceramic ribbed lightbulb sockets ; [] the tradition of "Grand Designs" and, basically, decorating metro stations as single-themed installations, was restored in late In the Russian capital, there are over 20 thousand Wi-Fi access points, in student dormitories, in parks, cultural and sports institutions, and within the Garden Ring and the Third Transport Ring.

The structure of the Wi-Fi network allows citizens to use the Internet without re-authorization. The Moscow Metro operates a short monorail line. The line opened in No additional fare is needed first metro monorail transfer in 90 minutes does not charge. As Metro stations outside the city center are far apart in comparison to other cities, up to 4 kilometres 2. Every major street in the city is served by at least one bus route. Many of these routes are doubled by a trolleybus route and have trolley wires over them.

With the total line length of almost kilometres miles of a single wire, 8 depots, routes, and vehicles, the Moscow trolleybus system was the largest in the world. But municipal authority, headed by Sergey Sobyanin, began to destroy the trolleybus system in Moscow in due to corruption and planned replacement of trolleybuses by electric buses.

In Moscow trolleybus system has only 4 depots and dozens of kilometers of unused wires. Almost all trolleybus wires inside Garden Ring Sadovoe Koltso were cut in — due to the reconstruction of central streets "Moya Ulitsa". In the vehicle companies Kamaz and GAZ have won the Mosgortrans tender for delivering electric buses and 62 ultra-fast charging stations to the city transport system. The manufacturers will be responsible for the quality and reliable operation of the buses and charging stations for the next 15 years.

The city will be procuring only electric buses as of , replacing the diesel bus fleet gradually. According to expectations, Moscow will become the leader amongst the European cities in terms of electric and gas fuel share in public transport by On November 26, , the mayor of Moscow Sergey Sobyanin took part in the ceremony to open the cable car above the Moskva River. The journey from the well-known viewpoint on Vorobyovy Gory to Luzhniki Stadium will last for five minutes instead of 20 minutes that one would have to spend on the same journey by car.

The cable car will work every day from 11 a. The cable car is meters long. It was built to transport 1, passengers per hour in all weathers. There are 35 closed capsules designed by Porsche Design Studio to transport passengers. The booths are equipped with media screens, LED lights, hooks for bikes, skis, and snowboards.

Passengers will also be able to use audio guides in English, German, Chinese and Russian. Moscow has an extensive tram system, which first opened in Trams still remain important in some districts as feeders to Metro stations. The trams also provide important cross-links between metro lines, for example between Universitet station of Sokolnicheskaya Line 1 red line and Profsoyuznaya station of Kaluzhsko-Rizhskaya Line 6 orange line or between Voykovskaya and Strogino. In addition, tram advocates have suggested that the new rapid transit services metro to City, Butovo light metro, Monorail would be more effective as at-grade tram lines and that the problems with trams are only due to poor management and operation, not the technical properties of trams.

New tram models have been developed for the Moscow network despite the lack of expansion. Commercial taxi services and route taxis are in widespread use. In the mids, service platforms such as Yandex. Russian tech firm Yandex is testing self-driving taxis in Moscow. Go application in Yasenevo district. Several train stations serve the city. The terminals are located close to the city center, along with the metro ringline 5 or close to it, and connect to a metro line to the centre of town.

Each station handles trains from different parts of Europe and Asia. Moscow is the western terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway , which traverses nearly 9, kilometres 5, mi of Russian territory to Vladivostok on the Pacific coast. Suburbs and satellite cities are connected by commuter elektrichka electric rail network.

Elektrichkas depart from each of these terminals to the nearby up to km or 87 mi large railway stations. During the s, the Little Ring of the Moscow Railway was converted to be used for frequent passenger service; it is fully integrated with Moscow Metro; the passenger service started on September 10, A connecting railway line on the North side of the town connects Belorussky terminal with other railway lines.

This is used by some suburban trains. The Moscow Central Circle is a kilometre-long 34 mi urban-metro railway orbital line that encircles historical Moscow. It was built alongside Little Ring of the Moscow Railway , taking some of its tracks into itself as well. MOZD is integrated as "Line 14 of Moscow Metro", and, while using railway-sized trains, can be perceived as "S-train-design circle line".

There is one zero-fee interchange for any ticket used on Moscow Metro station less than 90 minutes before entering an MCC station and vice versa: a passenger of MCC gets 1 free interchange to Moscow Metro within 90 minutes after entering MCC station. Another system, which forms "genuine S-Bahn " as in "suburbia-city-suburbia"-designed railway, is the Moscow Central Diameters , a pass-through railways system, created by constructing bypasses from "vokzals" final stations e. Out of 5 projected lines, the first 2 lines were completed and launched on e.

November 21, There are over 2. Recent years have seen growth in the number of cars, which have caused traffic jams and lack of parking space to become major problems. Several other roadway systems form concentric circles around the city.

Domodedovo International Airport is the leading airport in Russia in terms of passenger throughput and is the primary gateway to long-haul domestic and CIS destinations and its international traffic rivals Sheremetyevo. It is a hub for S7 airlines , and most of OneWorld and Star Alliance members use Domodedovo as their international hub. Ostafyevo International Airport caters primarily to business aviation. There are a number of smaller airports close to Moscow 19 in Moscow Oblast such as Myachkovo Airport , that are intended for private aircraft, helicopters and charters.

Moscow has two passenger terminals, South River Terminal and North River Terminal or Rechnoy vokzal , on the river and regular ship routes and cruises along the Moskva and Oka rivers, which are used mostly for entertainment. The North River Terminal , built in , is the main hub for long-range river routes. There are three freight ports serving Moscow.

Moscow has different vehicle sharing options that are sponsored by the local government. There are several car sharing companies which are in charge of providing cars to the population. To drive the automobiles, the user has to book them through the app of the owning company.

In the end of the same year Moscow carsharing became the second in the world in therms of fleet with In , the Moscow government began planning a projected new part of central Moscow, the Moscow International Business Center , with the goal of creating a zone, the first in Russia, and in all of Eastern Europe, [] that will combine business activity, living space and entertainment. The whole project takes up to one square kilometre acres.

The area is the only spot in downtown Moscow that can accommodate a project of this magnitude. Today, most of the buildings there are old factories and industrial complexes. The Federation Tower , completed in , is the second-tallest building in Europe. It is planned to include a water park and other recreational facilities; business, office, entertainment, and residential buildings, a transport network and a new site for the Moscow government. The construction of four new metro stations in the territory has been completed, two of which have opened and two others are reserved for future metro lines crossing MIBC, some additional stations were planned.

Three metro stations were initially planned for the Filyovskaya Line. The station Delovoi Tsentr opened in and was later renamed Vystavochnaya in The branch extended to the Mezhdunarodnaya station in , and all work on the third station, Dorogomilovskaya between Kiyevskaya and Delovoi Tsentr , has been postponed. There are plans to extend the branch as far as the Savyolovskaya station, on the Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line. It should be noted this line 4 of Moscow Metro had the longest time intervals between train arrivals approximately 8 minutes for Mezhdunarodnaya and Vystavochnaya branch of line 4 throughout the s.

However, Vystavochnaya has been expanded with Line 8A platforms segment of future Line 11 , and Mezhdunarodnaya has been upgraded with line 14 platform. English-language media include The Moscow Times and Moscow News , which are, respectively, the largest [] and oldest English-language weekly newspapers in all of Russia. Other media in Moscow include the Echo of Moscow , the first Soviet and Russian private news radio and information agency, and NTV , one of the first privately-owned Russian television stations.

The total number of radio stations in Moscow in the FM band is near Alexander Pushkin , the founder of modern Russian literature was born in Moscow in Fyodor Dostoyevsky was born in Moscow in Alexander Suvorov was born in Moscow in Peter the Great was born in Moscow in From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Capital and largest city of Russia. This article is about the federal capital and largest city of Russia. For other uses, see Moscow disambiguation. For other uses, see Moskva disambiguation.

Place in Central, Russia. Capital city Federal city. Coat of arms. Main articles: History of Moscow and Timeline of Moscow. Main article: Grand Duchy of Moscow. Further information: Tsardom of Russia. Main article: Moscow Governorate. Further information: Russian Empire. A panoramic view of Moscow from the Spasskaya Tower in Main article: Moscow Time. Main article: Climate of Moscow.

See also: Ethnic groups in Moscow. Religion in Moscow [89] [90] Russian Orthodoxy. See also: List of tallest buildings in Moscow. See also: List of Moscow tourist attractions. The Bolshoi Theatre. See also: Football in Moscow. See also: List of shopping malls in Moscow. Main article: Administrative divisions of Moscow.

See also: Economy of Russia. See also: Hotels in Moscow. Further information: Education in Russia. Main article: Transportation in Moscow. Main article: Moscow Metro. Main article: Moscow Monorail. Main article: Electric buses in Moscow. Main article: Moskva River cable car. Main article: Trams in Moscow. See also: Carsharing in Moscow. See also: Media of Russia. Further information: List of newspapers in Russia.

See also: Television in Russia. Main article: List of people from Moscow. Further information: Category:People from Moscow. See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia. Вступил в силу 13 мая г. Опубликован: "Собрание законодательства РФ", No. President of the Russian Federation. Effective as of May 13, Экономические районы», в ред.

Gosstandart of the Russian Federation. Occidental College. Archived from the original on May 17, Retrieved July 3, Moscow City Duma. Moscow City Government. June 28, Archived from the original on August 23, Retrieved September 29, The supreme and exclusive legislative representative body of the state power in Moscow is the Moscow City Duma.

Government of Moscow. Retrieved March 18, Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved November 1, Численность неизменного населения Русской Федерации по городским образованиям на 1 января года". Retrieved January 23, Официальный интернет-портал правовой инфы in Russian. June 3, Retrieved January 19, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 3rd ed. ISBN Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary 18th ed.

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